The first part of the budget - the Sécu or social security spending - was passed with 247 votes for and 234 against - a number of abstentions allowed the prime minister to score a win, despite being well short of a parliamentary majority.
Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu hailed the outcome of Tuesday's vote, thanking what he called a "responsible majority".
But he is not out of the woods yet, a MPs must also vote on the second part of the budget, which concerns revenue spending. The vote on that is expected before Christmas.
In the weeks leading up to the budget vote, Lecornu had been working hard to secure alliances with opposition parties - including adding a clause that suspending the highly unpopular French pension reforms of 2023.
The pension concession won him the support of the centre-left Parti Socialiste while other key blocks agreed to abstain in order to allow the bill to pass.
It was the first time since 2022 that a budget has been passed without using the constitutional tool known as Article 49.3, which allows a prime minister to ran it through parliament without a vote.
Former prime minister Michel Barnier was toppled over the budget in December 2024.
The Sécu spending is, however, only the first part. Part two - revenue spending - is currently in the Senate but will come back to Assemblée for the final vote later in the month.
This could be a tougher proposition, as the first reading in the Assemblée scored just a single vote in favour.
Leading up to the vote, the premier had warned politicians against torpedoing the budget plan.
"This social security budget bill is not perfect, but it is the best possible," Lecornu wrote on X on Saturday.
"Not having a budget would be dangerous for our social protection, our public accounts, and the role of parliament."
The version of the bill lawmakers approved includes the suspension of a 2023 pensions reform to raise the retirement age from 62 to 64.
There were concerns ahead of the vote that, if lawmakers failed to approve the legislation, it could prompt calls for Lecornu to resign.
But government spokeswoman Maud Bregeon said this weekend that his stepping down "would make no sense".
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